Tanzania was cradle to some of
the earliest hominids on earth, made famous by the discoveries of Louis and
Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge.
Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to eastern Africa at the same
time that trade between Arabic-speaking peoples and coastal populations was
initiated in the first centuryB.C.E.By the twelfth century, Arab trading
posts were well established along the coast and on some islands.
The architecture of urban coastal centers reflects the long,
rich history of Tanzania. Ruins of Arab mosques, cemeteries, and house
structures can be found at sites such as Kaole, just south of Bagamoyo.
Tombs embedded with Chinese ceramics dating to the twelfth
century reflect the trade between distant civilizations. Nineteenth-century
stone houses on narrow streets characterize Bagamoyo, which was one of the main
endpoints of the East African slave trade.
A total of 128 languages are spoken in Tanzania, most of them
are from the Bantu family Swahili and English are the two official
languages of Tanzania. However, Swahili is the national language.
National Identity.
The national identity is influenced by
several factors. One of the most important integrating forces is the use of the
national lingua franca—Swahili, a language spoken and revered by nearly all
Tanzanians. Swahili is a compulsory subject in schools, and some 83 percent of the
population are literate.
Are you aware that:
Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa, and the
magnificent wild animals (including lions, elephants, rhinoceros, giraffes,
leopards, and cheetahs, to name only a few) draw millions of tourists to the
country every year for Tanzania's government.
The torch of freedom ( uhuru ) and the figure of a soldier
(representing the sacrifice of veterans and the war dead) are also common
symbols throughout the country.
Elegant ebony carvings of both representational and modern
design, a specialty of the Makonde people of southeast Tanzania, are prized by
collectors around the world.
Throughout Tanzanian history, few customary laws have permitted
women, who perform the bulk of agricultural labor in the country, to own land.
Tanzania's Delicacy:
For most Tanzanians, including those who live in urban areas, no
meal is complete without a preferred staple carbohydrate—corn, rice, cassava,
sorghum, or plantains, for example. Plantains are preferred in the northwest,ugali(a
thick mash of corn or sorghum) in the central and southwestern regions, and
rice in the south and along the coast.
The staple is accompanied by a fish, beef, goat, chicken, or
mutton stew or fried pieces of meat, along with several types of vegetables or
condiments, commonly including beans, leafy greens resembling spinach, manioc
leaves, chunks of pumpkin, or sweet potatoes. Indian food (such aschapatis,
a flat bread;samosas, vegetable or meat-filled pastries; andmasala,a
spiced rice dish), is widely available in all urban areas.
Marriage.
In general, traditional marriage customs vary by ethnic group.
The practice of clan exogamy—or marriage outside of the clan or group—is
typical, however, of almost all ethnic groups.
Traditional customs call for marriages to be arranged by the
parents of the bride and groom, although such arrangements are becoming less
common, particularly in urban settings. In patrilineal ethnic groups (those in
which descent is traced through males), traditional marriage customs often
include the presentation of a dowry or bride price to the wife's family by the
bridegroom.
The dowry may include livestock, money, clothing, locally brewed
beer, and other items. The amount of the dowry is determined through negotiations
between the families of the engaged. Preparations for marriage may take months.
For those wealthy enough to afford it, marriage may include a separate dowry
ceremony and, several months later, a church wedding followed by traditional
ceremonies.
Although many ethnic groups and Muslims allow polygyny (having
more than one wife), the practice is decreasing in popularity, in part because
of the influence of Christianity and the expense of maintaining several
households.
Inheritance.
Tanzanian laws of inheritance vary according to ethnic group.
There are also significant differences between national and customary laws of
inheritance, which are settled in the court system. Generally speaking, boys
and men are favored over girls and women in customary ethnic laws, in part to keep
clan holdings together. (When women in patrilineal ethnic groups marry in
Tanzania, they tend to live with or near their husband's family.)
Nevertheless, the customary subdivision of land holdings—even
just among sons has already led to serious fragmentation of land in areas where
arable land is scarce.
In some groups, widows and divorcees are not adequately provided
for through customary laws and must fend for themselves or be cared for by
their children. This discrimination is being challenged by lawyers, affected
individuals, and organized groups.
